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Eclair

Scala implementation of a Lightning Network node.

BitcoinLightning NetworkNormal
Repository coverage

167 commits in the local evidence base

Every captured commit receives deterministic security triage and a separate communication-quality score. Security candidates and broader second-pass signals receive full-patch Ollama analysis.

33security candidates40second-pass queue23AI analyses
14commits · 30 days
16commits · 60 days
76commits · 180 days
167commits · 365 days
Backfill bands
Aug 5 → Feb 691 seen11 candidatesComplete
Feb 6 → Jun 660 seen5 candidatesComplete
Jun 6 → Jul 62 seen0 candidatesComplete
Jul 6 → Aug 514 seen0 candidatesComplete
Commit communication

Does the history explain itself?

Message quality measures whether a commit identifies its scope, purpose, rationale, testing, and supporting references. It does not change the security-severity score.

78/100 average clarity
100Strong · 80–100
47Adequate · 60–79
14Thin · 40–59
6Opaque · 0–39
1security candidate with opaque commit messaging
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Developer activity

Who is changing the project?

Public Git author strings; identities are not independently verified.

DeveloperCommitsCandidatesAnalyzedHigh riskMessage avg.
Bastien Teinturier1132216081
Fabrice Drouin1465077
pm471831067
Thomas HUET1610075
Nishant Bansal211084
rorp200077
ekzyis100058
Rusty Russell100081
Analysis record

Published AI watches

Last scanned 43 minutes ago

Informational 22 AI analysisMessage 53 · Thin
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Use bitcoin-lib 0.48 (#3316)

This commit updates Eclair's underlying Bitcoin library from version 0.47 to 0.48 and makes small code adjustments to match the new library's API. The changes touch how private keys are derived and how test data is converted. There is no d…

Dependency version bump of cryptographic Bitcoin libraryPrivate key derivation code modifiedTaproot/MuSig2 test vector code adjusted
743dcdd1by Fabrice Drouin+8−44 files
No security note in commit
Low 34 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add support for zero-fee commitment format (#3192)

This commit adds an experimental new Lightning channel type to Eclair called 'zero-fee commitments.' It is a large feature patch implementing a draft BOLT specification (PR 1228), not a fix for a known vulnerability. The change introduces …

Large feature addition (+1618/-276 across 42 files) touching consensus-sensitive transaction construction and signingNew experimental channel type disabled by default; requires explicit opt-in via eclair.confImplements draft BOLT specification (lightning/bolts#1228), not a finalized standard
35403401by Bastien Teinturier+1618−27642 files
No security note in commit
Low 36 AI analysisMessage 81 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Bump org.postgresql:postgresql version (#3305)

This commit updates the PostgreSQL database driver used by the Eclair Lightning node software from version 42.7.8 to 42.7.11. The commit message says this fixes a vulnerability that could allow denial-of-service (DoS) attacks if a node con…

Dependency version bump for security fixVendor-disclosed potential DoS vector via untrusted database hostChecksum file updated for reproducible builds
76da19f1by Bastien Teinturier+4−42 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Fix flaky DER signature weight test (#3299)

This commit only adjusts a flaky unit test that checks transaction weight estimates. It widens the allowed tolerance for variable-length ECDSA signatures when two signatures are involved instead of one. There is no change to production cod…

0f5d4b89by Bastien Teinturier+4−51 file
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 93 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add support for the official splicing protocol (#2887)

This commit adds official Lightning channel splicing support to Eclair and replaces an experimental protocol. It includes backwards-compatibility shims for older Phoenix wallets, changes how reconnection messages request retransmission of …

Protocol state machine changes for interactive transaction signing and reconnection retransmissionBackwards-compatibility shim that multiplexes two protocol versions based on peer feature bitsTLV type-number collision handling between official and experimental splicing protocols
68b0096aby Bastien Teinturier+867−30524 files
No security note in commit
Low 32 AI analysisMessage 96 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Store our closing_complete in the simple close session (#3289)

This commit changes how Eclair (a Bitcoin Lightning node) remembers its own closing signatures during a mutual channel close. Previously, the code re-generated signing nonces and re-signed closing transactions when the peer's signature arr…

MuSig2 nonce handling changed: local partial signatures are now stored and reused instead of regeneratedEarly signature validation added for peer's partial signature before final transaction aggregationRemoved CloserNonces helper that generated three random nonces per closing attempt
da7cd962by Fabrice Drouin+24−384 files
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 86 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add backwards-compatible parts of the official splicing protocol (#3261)

This commit updates the Eclair Lightning node software to support a new, backwards-compatible draft of the official Bitcoin Lightning 'splicing' protocol. It adds a funding transaction identifier to commitment signatures and introduces a '…

Adds disambiguation of commitment signatures by funding transaction ID, reducing risk of applying a signature to the wrong commitment during multi-funding splicingIntroduces a new odd-length message (start_batch) and odd TLV (FundingTx), which unknown peers should ignore per Lightning spec conventionsMaintains legacy experimental batch TLV for backwards compatibility
129df369by Bastien Teinturier+309−5112 files
No security note in commit
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 76 · Adequate
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add fuzzing infrastructure (#3276)

This commit adds a new testing-only module that uses a fuzzing tool called Jazzer to automatically throw random data at Eclair's Lightning message parsers. It does not change any production code, network behavior, or security logic. It is …

New test-only fuzzing module addedNo production code changesNo network-facing or cryptographic logic modified
e6c3d6efby Nishant Bansal+363−08 files
No security note in commit
Informational 22 AI analysisMessage 76 · Adequate
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Use bitcoin-lib 0.47 (#3268)

This commit updates Eclair to use a newer version of its underlying Bitcoin library (bitcoin-lib 0.47). Most changes are mechanical: replacing local helper functions with new library-provided equivalents for encoding signatures and signing…

Dependency version bump for bitcoin-lib and secp256k1-kmpRefactor of ECDSA signature encoding/signing code pathsRemoval of local DER conversion helpers in favor of library-provided methods
5e741b1aby Fabrice Drouin+66−676 files
No security note in commit
Informational 19 AI analysisMessage 81 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add duration information to payment events (#3241)

This commit is a refactoring and observability improvement for the Eclair Lightning node. It adds start/end timestamps to payment events and failures, renames some timestamp fields for consistency, and updates how payment hashes are derive…

Refactoring of payment event data model with new timestamp fieldsPayment hash now derived from preimage instead of passed separatelyRemoval of WaitingToRelayPayment from JSON type hints
9856db85by Bastien Teinturier+407−35532 files
No security note in commit
Low 27 AI analysisMessage 81 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Use bitcoin-lib 0.46 (taproot tweak refactor) (#3225)

This commit updates Eclair to use a newer version of its underlying Bitcoin library (bitcoin-lib 0.46). The main change is a code refactor in how Taproot addresses and scripts are created: instead of passing an optional script tree, caller…

Dependency version bump (bitcoin-lib 0.45.1 -> 0.46)Taproot script construction API refactorNo explicit security claim in commit message or diff
53747cc5by Fabrice Drouin+56−2912 files
No security note in commit
Informational 12 AI analysisMessage 43 · Thin
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Update `bitcoin-lib` (#3213)

This is a routine dependency update for Eclair, a Bitcoin Lightning node. It bumps the internal 'bitcoin-lib' library from version 0.45 to 0.45.1 and its related 'bitcoin-kmp-jvm' component from 0.28.0 to 0.28.1. The commit message says th…

Dependency version bump onlyNo source code changes in commitNo security-related wording in commit message or diff
df75ed5aby Bastien Teinturier+5−52 files
No security note in commit
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Use 73 bytes der-encoded signatures in weight estimation (#3210)

This commit adjusts how Eclair estimates the 'weight' (a measure of transaction size used to calculate Bitcoin mining fees) for funding inputs in Lightning channel transactions. It increases the assumed signature size from 72 to 73 bytes, …

Fee-estimation mismatch between implementations could cause interactive-tx negotiation failuresUnder-estimated weight could lead to insufficient fees if a 73-byte high-S signature is accepted by minersChange aligns with BOLT 3 recommendation and LDK behavior
bfe34ab1by Bastien Teinturier+5−32 files
No security note in commit
Low 47 AI analysisMessage 81 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Allow aborting liquidity purchases after signing (#3206)

This commit fixes a bug in Eclair, a Bitcoin Lightning Network node implementation. When a user tried to buy extra spending capacity (a 'liquidity purchase') and the remote peer backed out after the local node had already signed, Eclair ke…

Fixes a denial-of-service / availability issue where upstream HTLCs were held until near CLTV expiry after a peer-aborted liquidity purchaseAdds explicit handling for tx_abort after local signing in dual-funded opens and splicesIntroduces LiquidityPurchaseAborted event and matching cleanup in Peer
5e1a4882by Bastien Teinturier+137−76 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Informational 15 AI analysisMessage 26 · Opaque
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Nits (#3203)

This commit is a small cleanup pull request titled 'Nits'. It fixes a typo in documentation, corrects a log message to show the right commitment format name, changes a debug log to info level for transaction signing, adds structured loggin…

7ef3c4b2by pm47+7−85 files
No security note in commit
Low 34 AI analysisMessage 98 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Remove support for non-anchor channels (#3173)

This commit removes support for older Lightning channel types ('static_remotekey' and 'default' channels) from the Eclair node software. It is a deliberate feature-removal change announced in the previous release. The main risk is operatio…

Removal of legacy commitment format support reduces attack surface for fee-manipulation and transaction-malleability issues present in pre-anchor channels.Simplified fee tolerance removes the 'too low' feerate check, relying on anchor/taproot CPFP/RBF behavior.Explicit channel_type requirement prevents silent downgrade to weaker channel types.
9911cb73by Bastien Teinturier+1129−394286 files
No security note in commit
Low 29 AI analysisMessage 81 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add `DATA_CLOSED` class when active channel is closed (#3170)

This commit refactors how Eclair stores closed Lightning channels. Instead of keeping all closed channel data in the same table as active channels, it moves them to a dedicated table with only essential summary information. The main stated…

DoS mitigation: channels that never confirmed or had nothing at stake are no longer persisted in the databaseDatabase schema migration removes foreign key constraint on htlc_infosNew closed-channel data class stores only minimal, stringified fields to avoid future backwards-compatibility issues
16a309e4by Bastien Teinturier+762−20426 files
Vendor flagged security relevance
Low 35 AI analysisMessage 58 · Thin
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Update `bitcoin-lib` (#3179)

This commit updates Eclair's underlying bitcoin-lib dependency from version 0.41 to 0.43.2 and adjusts Eclair's code to match the new library's API. The changes are mostly mechanical: switching how Musig2 nonces and Taproot script trees ar…

Dependency version bump of core cryptographic library (bitcoin-lib 0.41 -> 0.43.2, secp256k1-kmp 0.18.0 -> 0.19.0)Refactoring of MuSig2 nonce handling and Taproot script tree constructionRemoval of Kotlin interop conversions around cryptographic types
2b39bf62by Bastien Teinturier+85−9520 files
No security note in commit
Moderate 60 AI analysisMessage 100 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Correctly fill PSBT for taproot `interactive-tx` (#3169)

This commit fixes a bug in Eclair's dual-funded Lightning channel logic. When opening or splicing a channel using taproot (P2TR) inputs, each participant's wallet needs full details about every input in the transaction, not just its own. P…

Fixes a signing failure in taproot interactive dual-funding/splicingPSBT now includes all remote inputs, satisfying BIP-341 all-inputs signature commitmentPreviously tests hid the bug by sharing a single dummy wallet between both parties
76f8d53aby Bastien Teinturier+95−14414 files
No security note in commit
Informational 12 AI analysisMessage 91 · Strong
AQ ACINQEclair BitcoinLightning Network

Add high-S signature Bolt 11 test vector (#3163)

This commit only adds a new test case to Eclair's invoice parsing tests. It checks that a specific Bitcoin Lightning invoice with a non-standard 'high-S' signature can still be decoded and that the sender's public key is recovered correctl…

Test-only change: no production code modifiedRelates to BOLT 11 signature malleability / high-S acceptanceReferences upstream BOLT specification change (bolts PR 1284)
e8ec1489by Bastien Teinturier+8−01 file
No security note in commit
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Security candidateAdd `DATA_CLOSED` class when active channel is closed (#3170)by Bastien Teinturier · 16a309e4 · Sep 30, 2025 · 26 filesMessage 81 · StrongLow 29Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Add `DATA_CLOSED` class when active channel is closed (#3170)

We introduce a `DATA_CLOSED` class with minimal information about a
past channel that has been fully closed. This will let us deprecate
legacy channels without having backwards-compatibility issues with
very old closed channels inside our DB.

When channels have never been properly opened or used, we don't
bother storing them in our DB, as it would open the door to DoS
attacks.

We create a dedicated table to store `DATA_CLOSED`. We migrate the
existing DB and remove the foreign key constraint on `htlc_infos`.

81/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
explicit security languagesigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Low 29/100

This commit refactors how Eclair stores closed Lightning channels. Instead of keeping all closed channel data in the same table as active channels, it moves them to a dedicated table with only essential summary information. The main stated security benefit is preventing denial-of-service (DoS) attacks by not storing channels that were never properly opened or used. It also removes a database foreign-key constraint and changes the API response format for closed channels. The commit is primarily a data-model and migration change, not a fix for an active vulnerability.

Security candidateUpdate `bitcoin-lib` (#3179)by Bastien Teinturier · 2b39bf62 · Sep 30, 2025 · 20 filesMessage 58 · ThinLow 35Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Update `bitcoin-lib` (#3179)

And simplify musig2 nonce using Scala classes.

58/100 · ThinMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Provides an explanatory body✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
nonce handlingcryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet pathparser or protocol path
AI analysis · Low 35/100

This commit updates Eclair's underlying bitcoin-lib dependency from version 0.41 to 0.43.2 and adjusts Eclair's code to match the new library's API. The changes are mostly mechanical: switching how Musig2 nonces and Taproot script trees are represented, removing Kotlin-to-Scala conversion helpers, and updating Maven checksums. There is no explicit mention of a security fix in the commit message or diff, and no independent security advisory was supplied. The update could include upstream security fixes, but that is speculation based on the version bump, not direct evidence in this commit.

Security candidateKill the connection if a peer sends multiple ping requests in parallel (#3172)by pm47 · 08a1fc66 · Sep 19, 2025 · 2 filesMessage 81 · StrongTriage 15Details
Commit message · pm47

Kill the connection if a peer sends multiple ping requests in parallel (#3172)

We keep track of the number of pings that we have not yet sent a pong for. If there is more than 1, our peer is malicious and we close the connection.

81/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive path
Security candidateCorrectly fill PSBT for taproot `interactive-tx` (#3169)by Bastien Teinturier · 76f8d53a · Sep 17, 2025 · 14 filesMessage 100 · StrongModerate 60Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Correctly fill PSBT for taproot `interactive-tx` (#3169)

When using tapoot for our inputs, our signatures will cover *all* inputs
of the transaction, even those that don't belong to us. If our peer adds
inputs, we must thus fill them in the PSBT we create, otherwise signing
will fail.

This was the reason why we were previously sharing the same dummy wallet
between Alice and Bob in our unit tests, otherwise we were seeing that
kind of failures in unit tests, but we never figured out why before.

Now that this is fixed, we can improve the unit tests by having separate
wallets for Alice and Bob, and remove the unused `NoOpOnChainWallet`.

100/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Explains rationale or failure mode✓ Mentions testing or verification✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
signing boundarycryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Moderate 60/100

This commit fixes a bug in Eclair's dual-funded Lightning channel logic. When opening or splicing a channel using taproot (P2TR) inputs, each participant's wallet needs full details about every input in the transaction, not just its own. Previously, the PSBT (a data structure used to pass transaction signing information to the wallet) only included the shared splice input, but omitted the other peer's inputs. That caused the local wallet to fail when signing taproot inputs, because it couldn't compute the signature that covers all inputs. The fix adds all remote inputs to the PSBT before signing. The rest of the diff is mostly test cleanup: separate wallets for Alice and Bob and removal of an unused test helper.

Security candidateAdd high-S signature Bolt 11 test vector (#3163)by Bastien Teinturier · e8ec1489 · Sep 10, 2025 · 1 fileMessage 91 · StrongInformational 12Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Add high-S signature Bolt 11 test vector (#3163)

We must accept both high-S and low-S signatures in Bolt 11 invoices
when performing public key recovery (which matches secp256k1's
behavior).

See https://github.com/lightning/bolts/pull/1284

91/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Mentions testing or verification✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly
Why it was queued
signing boundaryfuzzing or regression evidence
AI analysis · Informational 12/100

This commit only adds a new test case to Eclair's invoice parsing tests. It checks that a specific Bitcoin Lightning invoice with a non-standard 'high-S' signature can still be decoded and that the sender's public key is recovered correctly. There is no code change to the actual invoice handling logic.

Security candidateAllow omitting `previousTx` for taproot splices (#3143)by Bastien Teinturier · 0e0da422 · Aug 25, 2025 · 5 filesMessage 86 · StrongLow 28Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Allow omitting `previousTx` for taproot splices (#3143)

When splicing a taproot channel, both participants will provide a
signature for a segwit v1 input: this signature will cover every
spent `txOut`, including their amount and script. This ensures
that attackers cannot reuse a signature while replacing a segwit
input with a non-segwit input, which could be used to steal funds.

A side-effect of this change in signature behavior is that we don't
need to provide the entire previous transaction when both channel
participants sign a taproot input. For simplicity, we only allow
this simplification when splicing taproot channels for now. We can
also allow channel creation based on swap-in-potentiam, which also
uses musig2 and has the same non-malleability guarantee (on feature
branches for phoenix users).

86/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly
Why it was queued
explicit security languagesigning boundaryparser or protocol path
AI analysis · Low 28/100

This commit changes how Eclair handles taproot channel splicing. Normally, when two parties build a shared Bitcoin transaction together, each must send the full previous transaction that created the coins being spent. For taproot channels, the commit allows sending only the relevant output details instead, because taproot signatures already protect against a specific malleability trick. The change is framed as a bandwidth optimization and is restricted to taproot splicing to preserve security guarantees.

Security candidateSimple taproot channels (#3103)by Fabrice Drouin · d8ce91b4 · Aug 19, 2025 · 51 filesMessage 71 · AdequateLow 32Details
Commit message · Fabrice Drouin

Simple taproot channels (#3103)

Implement simple taproot channels

We add new commitment formats and TLV extensions to include musig2 nonces. This includes a specific commitment format for phoenix
taproot channels.

The old v1 channel establishment protocol is updated to include nonces and partial signatures.

The v2 channel estalishment protocol, based on the interactive tx constuction protocol, is also updated, and the
interactive tx session now includes:
- an optional funding nonce for the shared input (i.e. the funding tx that is being spent)
- a nonce for the commit tx that is being created, and another nonce that will become the channel's "next remote nonce" once the session completes
The funding nonce is random and its lifecycle is bound to the interactive session.

Side note: the new v2 protocol is both simpler to extend and gives us support for dual-funding and splices.

Since there can be several different commitment transactions that valid at the same time while splices are pending, revoke_and_ack
and channel_restablish are extended to include a list of funding_tx_id -> nonce tuples (one for each active commitment).

channel_restablish also includes as an optional "current commit nonce": if we got disconnected while a splice was in progress
before both nodes exchanged their commit signatures: if that is the case, we need to re-send our peer's current signature
and will use this nonce to compute it.

We also update the simple close protocol to include closing nonces.

We allow upgrading channels to taproot during splices, with an optional channel_type TLV added to splice_init/splice_ack.
This is not part of the BOLT proposal, and upgrading is currently limited to phoenix taproot channels from phoenix anchor channels.

71/100 · AdequateMessage clarity
✓ Descriptive subject✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference✓ Names security-relevant behavior explicitly
Why it was queued
signing boundarynonce handlingcryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet pathparser or protocol path
AI analysis · Low 32/100

This is a large feature commit that adds support for a new kind of Bitcoin Lightning channel using Taproot and MuSig2 signatures. It changes how channels are opened, spliced, re-established after disconnections, and closed. The commit is primarily a protocol upgrade, not a stated security fix. However, because it touches sensitive signing logic and introduces new nonce handling, there is a moderate risk that mistakes in the new code could affect channel safety or allow a malicious peer to cause problems. The commit message does not describe this as fixing a known vulnerability.

Security candidateExtract `CommitParams` to individual commitments (#3118)by Bastien Teinturier · 49bee72f · Aug 19, 2025 · 73 filesMessage 93 · StrongLow 35Details
Commit message · Bastien Teinturier

Extract `CommitParams` to individual commitments (#3118)

We introduce a new channel codec version where:

- we extract per-commitment parameters (commitment format and params
such as `dust_limit` which we may want to dynamically update in the
future)
- we clean-up the splice iterations on the `Commitments` structure
- we remove the funding transaction from the confirmed local funding
status (once confirmed, we don't need it anymore: it is wasting DB
space for no good reason, we can get it from the blockchain)
- we add a `maxClosingFeerate_opt` to the closing state, to allow
limiting the feerate used in RBF attempts for safe transactions
- we add the commitment format to interactive-tx parameters
- we make channel type feature non permanent

We add a mechanism to prevent the node from starting-up, unless an
override is provided. This provides an opportunity to iterate on codecs
while knowing that node operators won't be affected if we make changes
that are backwards-incompatible. This is meant to be temporary.

93/100 · StrongMessage clarity
✓ Specific, descriptive subject✓ Names a concrete action or component✓ Provides detailed explanatory context✓ Explains rationale or failure mode✓ Links an issue, advisory, or supporting reference
Why it was queued
cryptography-sensitive pathsigning or wallet path
AI analysis · Low 35/100

This is a large internal refactoring of Eclair's Lightning channel data structures. It moves commitment-specific settings (such as dust limits and HTLC limits) from the overall channel parameters into each individual commitment, so future splices can change them. It also removes the full confirmed funding transaction from the local database record, adds a cap on closing fee rates for RBF attempts, and introduces a startup-blocking guard when the database serialization format changes. The commit is not described by the vendor as a security fix; it is a forward-looking infrastructure change with some safety mechanisms.